ABSTRACT
Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la relación entre los estilos de humor adaptativos (humor afiliativo y humor mejoramiento personal) y desadaptativos (humor agresivo y humor descalificación personal) propuestos por Martin (2003), y las conductas agresivas físicas y verbales. Se trabajó con una muestra de 100 adolescentes argentinos, entre 16 y 18 años, de ambos sexos, quienes respondieron dos escalas: el Cuestionario de Agresividad Física y Verbal (Caprara y Pastorelli, 1993, versión española de del Barrio, Moreno Rosset, López y Martínez, 2001), y la versión adaptada al español por Cayssials (2004) de la Escala de Estilos de Humor (Martin, 2003). Los resultados indican que el humor agresivo predice positivamente las conductas agresivas en general, tanto verbales como físicas, mientras que el estilo de humor de mejoramiento personal mitiga las conductas agresivas evaluadas en general y las conductas agresivas verbales. Por último, las conductas agresivas físicas únicamente fueron predichas por el estilo de humor agresivo.
Abstract The sense of humor gives a new perspective of life by turning the person into a spectator of what is happening, being able to laugh at oneself and to what happens to one. Because of that, it is considered that humor allows us to face problematic situations in a different way. Carbelo and Jáuregui (2006) argue that sense of humor is not a mere remedy to prevent or help overcome disease; instead, it has the capacity to promote greater well-being, enjoyment of life, growth towards greater humanity and fulfillment. These same authors add that sense of humor is a unique trait of the human species and it is possessed by all human beings of different cultures (Carbelo y Jáuregui, 2006). While each culture has its own rules about which facts or situations may be the object or cause of humor, "both humor and laughter are universal" (Cassaretto y Martínez, 2009, p. 289). Although humor has been associated with psychological, physical and social well-being, not all research show consistent results. This is because sense of humor does not imply only positive components, but also negative components (Martin, 2003; Cassaretto y Martínez, 2009). In general, the different studies carried out have perceived sense of humor as a positive feature with the potential to generate positive effects. However, there are negative elements of humor that have a negative correlation with psychological well-being (Martin, 2003; Grimshaw, Kirsh, Kuiper y Leite, 2004). Therefore, it is important to be able to consider the sense of humor not as a one-dimensional construct (taking into account only its positive components), but to be able to focus on a multi-dimensional approach capable of considering all the characteristics and consequences -positive and negative- of it. Martin (2003) postulates that humor is a personality trait composed of either healthy or adaptive components and of unhealthy or unadaptable components. This author proposes the following classification: Adaptive humor is formed by affiliative humor (the tendency to say funny things, to make jokes, and spontaneous and witty jokes to amuse other people) and self-enhancing humor (it implies having fun with the incongruities of life even in adversity and using humor as a strategy to face the vicissitudes), and unadaptive humor is formed by aggressive humor (the tendency to use humor for the purpose of criticizing or manipulating others by resorting to sarcasm, bothering with jokes, ridiculing others) and self-defeating humor (people who use this kind of humor are self-deprecating, make or say funny things at the expense of themselves and laugh with others while ridiculing or belittling). The aim of this work is to study the relationship between these two types of humor and physical and verbal aggressive behaviors. We worked with a sample of 100 adolescents from Argentina of both sexes, aged between 16 and 18 years, of the middle socioeconomic strata of Buenos Aires, Argentina. All participants responded to two scales: the questionnaire of physical and Verbal aggression (Caprara y Pastorelli, 1993, Spanish version of Barrio, Moreno Rosset, López Martínez, 2001), and the version adapted to Spanish by Cayssials (2004) of the scale of humor styles (Martin, 2003). The results indicate that aggressive humor positively predicts aggressive behaviors evaluated in a general way, and aggressive behaviors verbal and physical evaluated specifically. On the other hand, personal improvement humor style mitigates general aggressive behaviors and verbal aggression specifically. Finally, aggressive physical behaviors were only predicted by the aggressive humor style.
ABSTRACT
This study aimed at analyzing the extent to which racial prejudice in football mediates the relationship between the use of verbal aggressions and compliance positioning that deny the existence of racial prejudice in football. Participants were 295 university students from Paraíba (Brazil), aged between 15 and 61 years (M=21, DP=6,01), being 109 males and 185 females. The results indicated that racial prejudice totally mediated the relationship between verbal aggressions and compliance with legal actions. Thus, verbal attacks are not merely the expression of negative attitudes directed towards the rival team but, to the extend that they are significantly associated with prejudice, they become a powerful form of legitimation of racial prejudice in denying its existence.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar em que medida o preconceito racial no futebol medeia a relação entre o uso de agressões verbais e a concordância com posicionamentos que negam a existência do preconceito racial no futebol. Participaram desta pesquisa 295 estudantes universitários da Paraíba, com idades entre 15 e 61 anos (M=21, DP=6,01) sendo 109 do sexo masculino e 185 do sexo feminino. Os resultados indicaram que a variável "preconceito racial" mediou totalmente a relação entre a agressão verbal e a concordância com as ações judiciais. Assim, as agressões verbais não seriam apenas manifestações de atitudes negativas direcionadas ao time rival, mas ao estarem associadas, de maneira significativa, com o preconceito, convertem-se em uma poderosa forma de legitimação do preconceito racial ao negar sua existência.
Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar en qué medida el prejuicio racial en el fútbol media la relación entre la manifestación de agresiones verbales y el grado de acuerdo con posicionamientos que niegan la existencia de prejuicio racial en el fútbol. Participaron en esta investigación 295 estudiantes universitarios de Paraíba, con edades comprendidas entre los 15 y los 61 años (M=21, DS=6,01) de los cuales 109 eran hombres y 185 mujeres. Los resultados indican que la variable "prejuicio racial" medió totalmente la relación entre la agresión verbal y el acuerdo con las acciones judiciales. Las agresiones verbales no son meras manifestaciones de actitudes negativas frente al equipo rival, sino que están asociadas de manera significativa con el prejuicio lo que explica que en presencia de éste se conviertan en una poderosa forma de legitimación del prejuicio al negar su existencia.